Mineral and Water Functions Essay

Minerals and water are essential to health and bodily functions. Minerals are essential to body structure and to muscle functions, fluid balance and nerve functioning. Water is involved in every function of the body. It transports nutrients and waste products and is necessary for digestive, absorption, circulatory and excretory functions. Water also maintains proper body temperature and prevents dehydration. There are over twenty minerals needed in dietary intake to maintain health. Minerals are broken down into two categories; macrominerals and microminerals. Macrominerals are considered major minerals and include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and sulfur. Microminerals or trace elements are needed in smaller quantities and include iron, copper, zinc, selenium and iodine amongst others. Although trace elements are needed in smaller amounts, they are just as essential to health as major minerals. Minerals are essential to various functions in the body. Sodium, potassium and chloride are all necessary for fluid balance. Magnesium, sodium, calcium and potassium are critical for proper nerve transmission and functioning. Magnesium and phosphorus are both required for healthy bones and teeth and sulfur is needed for healthy protein molecules. Although calcium is most commonly related to healthy bones and teeth, it is also important to blood clotting, blood pressure and regulation and immune system regulation. Minerals interact with each other, along with vitamins and other nutrients to maintain body functions and health. Sources of minerals are plentiful; they can be found in both food and plant sources. Table salt, soy sauce and large amounts of processed foods all contain sodium and chloride. Milk, meats, breads and vegetables are also good sources for both of these minerals as well as potassium, calcium, phosphorus and sulfur. Nuts, seeds, legumes and leafy green vegetables are good sources of magnesium which is also found in chocolate and artichokes. Iron, zinc, iodine and selenium are often found in various meats, poultry and seafood. Fluoride, a trace mineral, is found in drinking water, fish and most teas. Major minerals and trace elements are found in a multitude of food and plant sources. Equally as important as minerals, water is vital to health and bodily functions. Water provides many benefits to the body and is essential to life. Although the body can sustain on little to no food for weeks, it can only survive without water for a few days. Functions of water in the body include dissolving minerals and vitamins making them accessible to the body, flushing out waste products from the body and carrying nutrients and oxygen to the cells. It is also responsible for lubricating joints, protecting tissues and organs and regulating body temperatures. Water also hydrates the body providing moisture to the tissues throughout the body. Dehydration has numerous negative effects on the body. The body loses water on a routine basis through normal functions such a sweating and elimination waste and it is essential to consume enough water daily to offset this loss. Most people who experience dehydration experience mild symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, headaches and dizziness. More severe symptoms include severe thirst, rapid heartbeat and delirium. In some cases, if unattended, dehydration can become fatal. Minerals and water are both essential to proper body function and maintaining health. Minerals are needed by the body to provide structure and regulate chemical reactions. Water provides transport, protection, lubrication and temperature regulation and must be consumed to replace the losses through urine, feces and sweat. Both support the body, nervous system and interact with vitamins and nutrients to support a healthy body.

Nursing: Homosexuality and United States

And the Band Played On University of Central Florida Question #1 Based on what you observed in the film or read in the book; clearly articulate and delineate at least three of the sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/AIDs prevention and control in the United States. Then discuss separately each of the three sociopolitical factors each factor and discussion is equal to three points each. The three sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/Aids prevention and control in the United States were identifying early possible ways of spreading the disease, how it affected our blood supply and that to acknowledge the social implications that it could be everyman’s disease. Initially, in the movie there were signs of the disease but they were not sure even what it was. People were dying from a type of pneumonia that was not common; one man had Toxoplasmosis which is a cat’s disease. Other patients had a low or no T-cell count. As the movie progressed they found a connection with â€Å"Patient Zero† and this concept that they called the GRID which stood for Gay Related Immune Deficiency and this term was coined by Bill Kraus who was speaking on behalf of the gay rights in Washington, D. C. in 1980. In the connection with patient zero it is ultimately discovered that there was a flight attendant who was gay who had sexual intercourse with many men who then had sex with others and the doctor’s were able to make the connection with this information. They were able to trace back to the flight attendant who was patient zero and who he slept with and who all of those people had slept with, so on and so forth. The flight attendant had given him names and they were able to talk to several men who gave names of other men that they had sex with. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The second factor that helped to form public policy and help with control and prevention was regarding our blood supply. It was discovered that there was an older man who was a hemophiliac who had received many blood transfusions at the University of Colorado Medical Center. There was also a woman who was an IV drug user who had contracted AIDS. This helped to dispel the myth that it was only a gay disease, but was transported through the blood; therefore our blood supply was at risk. The CDC in Atlanta met in 1983 and motioned to change the name from GRID to AIDS which was Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. However, because of expense the blood banks refused to change testing procedures. Eventually, the blood banks finally agree to test but many people were affected with AIDS virus before that finally took place. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). One of the big factors early on is that no one wanted to be associated with AIDS due to the fact that it was considered a homosexual man’s disease. There was a lot of fear, denial and anger surrounding this disease. In 1981at the CDC Dr. Guinan asks that a report about an epidemic with gay men had broken out and he wanted it published in the medical journal. The fear of the word â€Å"homosexual† was marked off and not used for that article. It took a long time for the realization that this disease could affect everyone from homosexual males, IV drug users, blood transfusion patients, women and even babies. Even though it was initially considered the disease came from gay men and their sexual practices it crossed all borders as time went on. Still today there is some prejudice regarding AIDS. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question #2 How were early victims and contacts identified and located? One example was from a gay flight attendant who had by his own admission had at least 250 partners and that was a conservative number of partners, when he was a patient at NYU Medical Center. Later, the doctors make the connection and tracked him down to ask for names of other men he had slept with. He gave Dr. Darrow 73 names which at least was a beginning for them to contact other men and from there they could get them names of men or women that they too had slept with. The doctors began to see a common thread of patients who had low T cell counts, rare pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma and other signs/symptoms that they were looking at and trying to make the connection with what this disease entailed as they were sharing information with each other of their findings. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question #3 Describe how the events in the film compare with the steps in the epidemiological process described in Maurer and Smith. There are three types of epidemiological studies that include descriptive, experimental and analytic. (Maurer & Smith, 2009). I think that the descriptive would be the closest to the film. The reason is that the movie talks about those who are affected and different scenarios. One such scenario would be Dr. Francis when he was seeing a woman on her death bed, and she spits blood on his hand and he is scared. He was a key player in that he saw some symptoms and tried to go back and put together pieces of the puzzle of what that meant with other findings, different populations, ages, sex, blood etc. What was difficult were how many hurdles the medical community had to try and overcome. There was little funding, discriminatory attitudes and a basic belief it did not belong in their back yard. The government was inefficient and slow and much of the red tape left many to suffer and die. They believed that it was a lifestyle choice and that their punishment was just. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The people who were most affected early on were homosexual men. It did seem to be more prominent in San Francisco where there was a high population of gay men. The first case was in Copenhagen in 1977, various countries and finally the United States. This disease affected everyone from gay, straight, IV drug users, babies and hemophiliacs. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). It is worthy to note that the homosexual men were engaging in very risky behaviors such as in the bathhouses they were with multiple partners and also engaged in the use of poppers. Gay men also engaged in sex often without protection and even when they tested positive they would still engage in risky behaviors. Kalichman SC; Cain D; Simbayi LC, (2010). What was your overall reaction after viewing this film/reading this book with respect to the impact on the health care system in the United States? I had never seen the film before so I found it very interesting. Knowing what I know now I look at that film in disbelief that we had to go through all of those hurdles and how many lives were lost. It was a failure to act from the CDC, blood banks, government; the doctor’s fighting with their egos for credit and even those fighting with each other and the politicians who don’t want their careers ruined. I don’t remember it affecting me much because I am a straight, heterosexual female, but I do remember thinking how scared I was when it first came out. It does not mean however, that I am safe because I am female. I do know that. The money that it cost in the aftermath of inefficiency is probably numbers I can’t imagine. I applaud Dr. Francis in standing up for what he believed was right in the face of his colleagues who fought him the whole way. It must have been a lonely path for him but I believe when you are passionate about something that is when you will prevail, and he did. I hope that history doesn’t repeat itself and that as humans we can learn from our errors. One impact that I can have as a nurse is to dispel myths and teach the facts about having HIV and living with it. There are still many misconceptions surrounding HIV and since we are in a position to educate, it is our duty to do so. Ojebuyi B. (2009). References Kalichman, S. , Cain, D. , & Simbayi, L. (2010). Behavioral changes associated with testing HIV-positive among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 714-719. oi:10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 162602. Maurer, F. A. , Smith, C. M. (2009). Community/public health nursing practice: health for families and populations. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elselvier Ojebuyi, B. (2009). Increasing people's knowledge about HIV/AIDS: an investigation into the effectiveness of reading as a communication strategy. Journal of Health Management, 11(3), 473-488. Retrieved from CINAHL Pl us with Full Text database Spelling, A. , Vincent, E. D. , (Producers). & Spottiswoode, R. (Director), (1993), And the band played on [Motion picture]. United States: Home Box Office.

Lies and Deceit Paper

Lies and Deceit on Animal Farm/ the Real World: Speech There have been many examples of dictatorship across the world. Some examples of these are Hitler of Germany, Castro of Cuba, and Mussolini of Italy; they all have been corrupted by power. Joseph Stalin of communist Russia is the most accurate example because he is like Napoleon. People, especially leaders, use lies and deceit to maintain power; Napoleon is like Stalin because they are both corrupted by power.People often tell lies when it is convenient; the pigs told the other animals many lies some of which include, when the pigs took the milk and apples, when they lied about Boxer’s death, and when they said that the farm would be so much better off without Jones, but everything was just as bad if not worse. People tell lies as simple as trying to protect others’ feelings or something really complicated to try and get out of trouble either way the bottom line is people lie.The first lie of many that the Napoleon and the other pigs told is when Major is saying that Jones the farmer is treating the animals poorly and is trying to convince them to rebel against him. He tells them, â€Å"The life of an animal is misery and slavery; that is just the plain truth† The animals didn’t know that the pigs were just planning to take over and be just as bad as Jones was, or even worse. People tend to lie and deceive others when it is convenient for them, to make it easier on themselves.I’m pretty sure that all of us, at one point or another lied to our parents because it was what seemed easier at the time; For example, a child may lie because they broke something on accident, or a teenager stayed out past curfew and are lying to get out of it. After Old Major’s speech to the animals, Snowball tries to convince Mollie that Jones was bad; she was one of the rare few who liked him. Snowball was being corrupted by power, and he is a very convicing liar which is why Mollie believe s him. Then once the pigs got rid of Jones, they were taking all of the good apples and milk and saying it was for the health of their brains.Humans in the real world lie in their favor if we want something bad enough we will lie to get it. Boxer starts to work himself to death when they build the mill and he works day and night for weeks straight. Napoleon then names the mill after himself even though Boxer and the other animals did all of the work. People also lie or stretch the truth when we want to take credit for an achievement that we may not have even done ourselves. Then Napoleon sold wood to a human without consulting the group which made everyone a little angry.Humans do things without asking first. Squealer lied to the others after that by telling them Boxer was going to the vet instead of the knackers. â€Å"The van had been previously owned by the knackers and then bought by a vet and they have not yet re-painted the van† He said. When it was all said and done an d the transformation was complete one dictator was switched for another the animals were in the same place they had previously been. Napoleon would stand on his hind legs and even carry around a whip with him to keep the others in line.Then he tried to lie and say that the humans aren’t so bad after all. Nothing could have been further from the truth. In chapter three, the pigs’ deceit the other animals into thinking everything was okay when in fact it most definitely was not. The pigs were so clever that they could think of a way out of any and every difficulty. To recapitulate, people lie all the time and it is similar to the book because the pigs told the others the milk and apples were just a sacrifice, that Boxer’s death was an unfortunate accident, and that the pigs didn’t help anything.As a consequence the farm was worse then before, Boxer and many of the animals were killed, the mill was torn down and the pigs took over and made everything worse. Telling the truth may be worse at first, but in the long run it is the better decision. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Top of Form Powered by Bottom of Form

Causes and Trends of Homophobia in Middle East Essay

Causes and Trends of Homophobia in Middle East - Essay Example It is really an escalating tug of war between the homophobic society, human rights activists, and homosexual oriented persons. Undeniably, the Middle East society has been adamant in supporting lesbians, gay bisexual and transsexual (LGBT) groups since time immemorial. What is the status of homophobia In Middle East? This paper addresses the current issues of homophobia in Middle East by trying to answer the following important questions. What are the current trends of homophobia in Middle East? What are the main causes of homophobia in this region? Current Trends of Homophobia in Middle East Homophobia refers to the outraged fear and expression of anger towards homosexuals or simply to people who express sexuality that differs from the normally accepted heterosexual behavior or identity. Since time immemorial, the general society has always recognized and appreciated the heterosexual type of orientation towards sexual identity. However, few societies have identified and developed their own sexuality identity. Middle East has been in particular very resistant towards any persons or group of people deviating from heterosexuality. For the last few years, increased homophobia has been observed in Middle East. It is claimed â€Å"In parts of Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and elsewhere it is still very dangerous to be gay. People are being executed. Homophobic attacks, rapes, and murders happen all too frequently† (Dehgan, 2011, p. 1). Homophobia has always been suppressed by various societal structures such as the law, traditions, and religion. Most Middle Ea st countries have laws that prohibit marriage between homosexuals or any other form of sexuality besides heterosexuality. For instance, â€Å"More than two dozen men were arrested at what police called a â€Å"mass homosexual wedding† in the United Arab Emirates† (The Advocates, 2006, p. 37). However, as the society becomes more revolutionized more homosexuals come out in the opens and begin fighting for their rights. This is arguably the main cause of homophobia in this region and the rest of the world as well. Many people are coming up in the open to form groups that help them express their concerns on how the society treats them due to sexual orientation. The media plays a very important role in shaping the discourse of issues affecting the society. In the Middle East, media influence is a great force that cannot be ignored. Arguably, it has given the two opposing camps a fair playground in expressing their feelings and opinions. Homosexual groups come out in the me dia and openly express their stand towards sexuality. Internet and television has been one of the most widely used media in which homosexuals use to either express their sexuality or express their outrage against groups fighting them. Middle East countries are mostly Islamic. This implies that there is high degree of homophobia in this region than any other region in the world. Islam religion strictly prohibits homosexuality and has stern disciplinary measures and actions against homosexuals. Koran prohibits this type of sexuality and as such, Muslims in this region use it as a source of authority to discredit homosexuality. Politicians play a role in shaping the societal fabric. Politicians have been known to follow the current trends and demands of the population to achieve their political ambitions. Arguably, the politicians have been instrumental in quenching the homophobia crisis by advocating for equal rights to people of all types of sexual orientation. It has enabled the soc iety to accept the homosexuals and their sexual orientation rather than fighting them. Indeed, there is a slight increase in countries accommodating homosexuality. Habib agrees that â€Å"

Individual Counselling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual Counselling - Assignment Example Social work and human services should translate into viable solutions for the clients and user of their services. The role of the counsellor is to facilitate the process of unlocking the doors of the prison caused for a great variety of reasons. O'Connor et al state that "The challenge of social work practice lies in its complexity and diversity. On a daily basis social workers engage with people, groups and communities who are most damaged by social and economic structures and by the consequent ways of living and coping. Social workers often feel limited in their roles because of the particular policies of government or the organizations that employ them and many are overworked because of staff shortages or lack of funding." (O'Connor et al, 2006, p. ix). So the role of a counsellor has to be aligned with the role of social work practice that "seeks to promote human well-being and to redress human suffering and injustice. Practitioners aim to mobilize the forces of the individual, community and state to address the processes by which individuals and groups are marginalized or diminished in their capacity to participate as citizens. Such practice maintains a particular concern for those who are most exclude from social, economic or cultural processes or structures." (O'Connor et al, 2006, p. 1). On the other hand, as Chenoweth and McAuliffe advise to the social work students the following remarks are pertinent in the context of acquiring fundamental counselling skills: "Prepare yourself to be challenged about your views of the world and your morals and values. You will learn to articulate your position on many importan tareas of social interest as you become more immersed in the learning experiece and more exponed to the viewpoints of others. "Be prepared to challenge others and learn to do so in a constructive way, mindful at all times that differences in the cultural experiences of others must be respected. Listening to different experiences and perspectives helps you become more aware of cultural sensitivities and to clarify your views and opinions." (Chenoweth and McAuliffe, 2005, p. 3) As it can be seen from the statements below individual counselling is a real challenge that has to be tackle with an open mind and flexibility in order to be of help to the clients and users of human services: "Clients and users of social services will teach you the most you will do in the future. It is only through listening to the stories of those who have experienced loss, trauma, disability, alienation, discrimination or isolation that you can ever hope to respect the uniqueness of an individual's experiences. These people will also share their experiences of hope, optimism, resilience, survival and growth, giving you an understanding of the importance of people realising their potential and the power of change processes. Not only are clients to be found in hospital wards or in homeless shelters -they are within reaching distance of all of us, in our social circles, our familias, our workplaces. Learn to listen, and listen to

Sidney becket Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sidney becket - Research Paper Example Bechet’s contributions to jazz music helped to define and legitimize the genre in creating recognition for the form as complex and engaging. Although different accounts dispute whether or not he could read music, he preferred not to, his ear perfect and suited for defining music to get to its soul. Bechet was born in 1897 to a family that was part of the Creole culture of New Orleans. Creole origins refer to those of Spanish or French heritage that populated the New Orleans region. Black Creole refers to those children of plantation owners and slaves that were able to gain their freedom. According to the Black Code of 1724, children of owners and slaves were allowed to be freed and could then own land. Many of the Black Creoles owned plantations and held successful businesses, giving them a vital position in New Orleans society. From the freedoms that money allowed, came the opportunity to pursue the arts. As well, most of their children were sent to France for an education and this wealthy class tended to be more associated with their European roots than the America in which they lived. Classical music was a part of the culture, and when combined with ragtime, European style dance music, and rich traditions of folk music, jazz was born (Kirchner 48). Thus, a great number of j azz musicians came out of New Orleans. Bechet’s musical talent was discovered when he was just a child. He bought a ten cent tin flute when he was twelve and revealed his talent on this toy instrument in such a way as to impress earn him the title â€Å"Wizard of Jazz†. He soon got a clarinet and took to disassembling the instrument and turning up randomly at the concerts of local bands and taking the stage. He left the audiences in awe of his talent (31). After his adolescence, he traveled the United States playing his music until he was discovered by Will Marion Cook in 1919 who offered him a space in the New York

The American Nation - Christianized or Enlightened Term Paper

The American Nation - Christianized or Enlightened - Term Paper Example In 1776 the colonies that became the United States of America were peopled by groups of individuals possessed with religious fervour who traversed the Atlantic to search for a place where they can practice their faith unadulterated. The migration would be assumed to lessen the religious zeal of the original inhabitants of the colonies and yet the reverse occurred. The religious conviction in America intensified because of the religious resurgence stimulated by the people from across the Atlantic in the midway of the eighteenth century. These religious people were the courageous individuals who will stand against Great Britain in 1776 and oppose the colonial rule. The constituents of the revolutionary generation made significant individual decisions about their deep-seated religious beliefs and fidelity and this pressure mounted within them the ability to make political choices. Even the Founding Fathers of the American Nation commenced on building strong governments carrying the cred ence that religion is a requisite component of a republican institution for its preservation. John W. Thornton summarized that the relationship of politics and religion in America lies on the sermons of the founding fathers. They summoned God in their civil congregations, appealed to the teachers of religion for counsel from the Bible, and identified its principles as the decree of their civic demeanour. The Fathers abhorred the separation of politics and religion. In combats and warfare, they did not push on luck but instead relied on the Word of God etched in their hearts and mind. This moral articulation of the Fathers was the clandestine element that upheld the Republic against its material backdrop, against the enemies’ impenetrable numbers, and against the dominance of England. Nevertheless, despite the religious background of the American nation, developments in England such as the new scientific methods and the initiation of the Parliamentary government were likewise absorbed into the nation’s milieu.  Ã‚  

Legal Brief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Legal Brief - Assignment Example f Sony to Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled in favor of Universal City Studios and others and finally moved to US Supreme which ruled in favor of Sony. The provisions relating to unfair competition of the Lamham Act were applicable to this case in addition to 17 U.S.C. Â § 101 (Copyright Act of 1976). The fair use doctrine for use of copyrighted content, the provisions for copyright infringement in addition to provisions 17 U.S.C. Â § 106, which grants the copyright owners several rights were applicable for giving a verdict in every issue that was raised in this suit. The primary issue that was raised in his suit was whether Sony Corp. was liable for contributory copyright infringement by manufacturing the product named Betamax. The other issue was that whether Betamax itself was a product which could facilitate copyright infringement or it was a product whose purpose was to facilitate legitimate use by the copyright owners. This issue had to be determined in order to find answers to the first issue. The case first moved to the Federal District Court, where Sony Corp. won the case against its plaintiffs. The plaintiffs Universal Studios and Walt Disney then appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, where decision was passed in favor of the appellants Universal Studios and Walt Disney. Sony Corp. then finally decided to move the US Supreme Court for decision on the issue. The US Supreme Court ruled in favor of Sony Corp. by a 5-4 majority. Thus Sony Corp. was allowed to manufacture Betamax and later a product named VHS in US without becoming liable for copyright infringement and without being liable to pay any damages. The case establishes general rule in favor of technological development and favors the right of the general public to make rightful owners of copyright to make copies through technical devices for their own personal use. The general rule established in this case was that by manufacturing a product which can be used to

Steve Jobs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steve Jobs - Term Paper Example This paper would unfold the secret of his business success on the grounds of leadership tactics, management strategies, and business outlook. Steven Paul (Steve Jobs) was born in February 24, 1955 in San Francisco. After his schooling he started working with his friend Steve Wozniak. It was in 1976 Jobs co-founded Apple which soon became the leading firm in the computer technology world. In addition to Apple, he also co-founded Pixar Animation Studios which was later in 2006 merged with Walt Disney Company. Jobs still continues to be a member of Disney’s Board of Directors. Although Jobs had resigned from Apple due to some managerial problems with the board of directors, later in 1997 he rejoined the Apple Computer Inc, as its CEO. His contribution to the business world brought him admiration and awards like National Technology Medal (1985), Jefferson Award for Public Service (1987), and Entrepreneur of the Decade by Inc.magazine (1989) (all about Steve Jobs). Jobs’ major achievements include the products like ‘Apple II’ and ‘Macintosh’-the personal computer models of high commercial value. Other innovations like iPod, iMac, iPhone and App Store also caught the attention of the business world (www.apple.com). Steve Jobs initiated computer revolution and introduced special effects in entertainment industries. For instance, the new product ‘icon’ was highly cherished for its special features like mavericks, oddballs, and iconoclasts. The iPhone combines video iPod, camera, e-mail and text messenger, Web browser, alarm clock, and daily organizer. The aesthetic appeal of the product was of his high concern because he believed that beauty is an important factor that motivates consumers to buy a particular product. What made him a successful business entrepreneur is his outstanding vision and tactical leadership. If critics are to relied, his aggressive and demanding nature was a barrier to employee relation. However, Jobs’ innovative and

Assignment on Business Strategy Essay Example for Free

Assignment on Business Strategy Essay Assignment on Business Strategy 1 . Evaluate a company of your choices Mission statement in the light of the 3 components of any Mission Statement. Also use the Abel framework to evaluate the business definition that this mission statement drives. Ans. ) While a business must continually adapt to its competitive environment, there are certain core ideals that remain relatively steady and provides guidance in the process of strategic decision making. These unchanging ideals from the business vision and are expresses in the company mission statement. The mission statement communicates the firms core deology and visionary goals, generally consisting of the following three components: a. Core values to which the firm is committed b. Core purpose of the firm c. Visionary goals the firm will pursue The firms core values and purpose constitutes its core ideology and remain relatively constant. They are independent of industry structure and the product life cycle. The core ideology is not created in the mission statement; rather, the mission statement is simply an expression of what already exists. The specific phrasing of the ideology may change with the times, but the underlying ideology remains constant. Here is the Coca-Cola Companys mission statement for Stakeholders which is published in Jeffrey Abrahams new book, 101 Mission Statements From Top Companies . The Coca-Cola Promise: The Coca-Cola Company exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches. The basic proposition of our business is simple, solid, and timeless. When we bring refreshment, value, Joy and fun to our stakeholders, then we successfully nurture and protect our brands, particularly Coca-Cola. That is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. The audience for this mission is specifically for the stakeholder. The values here are stated explicitly: refreshment, value, Joy, fun, and attractive returns. These words were obviously carefully chosen by those who crafted this mission statement. The ultimate obligation of attractive returns is a powerful way to state the companys vision and keeps the values stated in context. A separate mission statement is published on The Coca-Cola Companys website for access by the general public: Everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission: * To Refresh the World in body, mind, and spirit. * To Inspire Moments of Optimism hrough our brands and our actions. * To Create Value and Make a Difference everywhere we engage. These values are consistent with the stakeholder version of the mission: refreshment and value are echoed in addition to inspiration. 2. What does a Business model intend to achieve, and how? Evaluate any company of your choices Business Model in the light of the same. Ans. ) Business Models are simulations of actual business functioning. They act as ideal real life examples, and help participants actively discuss the pros and cons of the situation given. A business Model gives a Full Account of any particular Business Scenario. One has to SWOT analyze the Business Model based on different how it makes money or delivers value, and what it does and does not do. A business model can change throughout the life of business or can be applied to a specific product, or to a nonprofit. It is a more general and concise statement than the business plan, but is still often used to explain the business and its activities to investors, banks or employees. Standard business models are often referred to in shorthand, such as subscription or low-cost leader. As we know a business model is the mechanism by which a business intends to pecify a market offering. It is a summary of how a company plans to serve its customers and specifies its product offering. It mentions both the strategy and methods of implementation. As Amazon. com was being established, the delivery of information, goods, or services to end customers employed one strong business model called the Online Retailers of Physical Goods. This business model takes title to the newly manufactured products that they sell and often rely on third party providers. Like Amazon. com, it needed third party providers, such as Borders and Barnes Noble, to maintain its product supply. When Amazon. om was first launched, Amazon. om was heralded for its feel-friendly culture that drew talented young people to apply for work there and employed smart hiring strategy by hiring the brightest, most intelligent and versatile people. Jeff Bezos wanted people who could share his vision and were willing to work to achieve it. He tried to establish a sense of community due to sharing both hard work and fun with his employees. Although pay was less than market salaries, attractive ownership options were offered. Amazons three operational strategies are 1 . Cost-Leadership Amazon places itself as leader based only on the pricing. It offers the same product quality for lesser price. 2. Customer Differentiation Amazon uses design, quality and convenience as a differentiator which set it apart from its close competitors. 3. Focus Strategies Customer service is the major focus while realizing that each market has its own quirks. Amazon. coms values and philosophy are at the center of the organization. These often determines the success and failure of the enterprise . The other important factors Amazon focuses on are customer satisfaction and operational frugality. These two values complement Amazon. oms operational trategies in achieving and maintaining an effective competitive advantage. Growth Drivers There are four primary drivers for growth: 1. Product focus 2. Customer focus 3. Technology focus 4. Distribution focus Using the above stated strategies, Amazon has managed to place itself in a position of power and success. 3. Use the 5 forces model to analyze and interpret the opportunities and threats that t he industry within which a company operates (of your choice), throws up. Explain how the company plans to capitalise on the opportunities and tackle the threats understanding where power lies in a business situation. It also helps to understand both the strength of a firms current competitive position, and the strength of a position a company is looking to move into. Despite the fact that the Five Force framework focuses on business concerns rather than public policy, it also emphasizes extended competition for value rather than Just competition among existing rivals, and the simpleness of its application inspired numerous companies as well as business schools to adopt its use (Wheelen and Hunger, 1998). * Chez Airlinbe company is not an isolated unit in the world and performs within a market full of other competitors. To be able to evaluate their position on market and to act accordingly they themed the Porters Five Forces Model. This model helped to define and realize their business and its surroundings and identify threats and opportunities to focthem on. They review this model periodically to obtain up-to-date data in this global and turbulent environment. The Porter Model consists of 5 elements which together comprises the environment business operate in. These elements are: suppliers, customers, new entrants, existing competition and the product itself. By assessing every one of these elements they get the whole picture of heir company within the market and the rating helps them target the key areas. They theme the scale of 0-5 to evaluate the policies of each element where O means no policies and 5 very high policies (reffering to the number in the brackets). * 1) Policies of Suppliers As they operate in the areas of services there are no critical commodities having large influence of their everyday service delivery. Therefore this area is not of critical policies in a short run. However, they should not underestimate this element as they wouldnt be able to continue the business in long run without suppliers. f their supply (3) This is a threat in case of the aircraft machines. There are not many reputable airplanes (and airplanes parts) producers and therefore they could have strong policies to control the air travel industry. As for the catering, gift services and other indirect materials there are many fragmented choice and therefore their policies is of almost no significance as they could be replaced quickly. There are no substitutes for the particular input (5) There are no substitutes for planes (in case they want to continue providing air transportation instead of ground routes) and herefore the policies of this element is very high business critical. They could reduce this policies by handling cargo theming the earth services but this might decrease service level they provide to their customers. * The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bar gaining policies is low (4) There are more than 200 airlines all over the world and despite some alliance organizations (such as IATA) they are all potential competitors. The policies of this element is relatively high as the suppliers could afford losing one customers but the customers cant afford loosing the critical supplier (e. g. Boeing). The switching costs from one supplier to another are high (3) Switching costs in air transport industry are mainly related to the fact of limited airplanes producers and to the machine a company already owns. They theme planes form 3 producers: Airbthem, Boeing and ATR.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay This essay aims to provide a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal disorder, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The aetiology, pathology, and prognosis of the disorder will be described, along with details pertaining to its epidemiology. The diagnosis and management of the disorder will be described, followed by a discussion of the health implications experienced by patients and the economic costs of the disorder. Conclusions will be made based on the information and evidence discussed throughout the essay. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), also known as spastic colon, nervous diarrhoea, and functional bowel, is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide (NICE, 2008). It is a chronic, functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract which is characterised by symptoms of abdominal pain or discomfort of the lower abdomen, bloating, and disordered defecation (Silk, 2003). This latter symptom can manifest in four different forms (Allison, 2002): constipation predominant; diarrhoea predominant; alternating between constipation and diarrhoea; or, non-extreme. Furthermore, although symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal, other symptoms can include back ache, nausea, heartburn, lethargy, urinary problems, faintness, palpitations, and loss of appetite (Fortson and Lee, 2004). Symptoms are usually worse after eating and most people experience flare-ups lasting between 2-4 days. Indeed, a key characteristic of IBS is a cycle of relapse and remission (Silk, 2003). Worldwide, IBS affects an estimated 10-20% of the population at any one time, although the figure may be higher because not everyone seeks help for the condition (Hungin et al. 2003; Hungin et al., 2005). IBS can affect both genders of all ages, although it is twice as common in females (Voci and Cramer, 2009). It can occur at any age, but typically develops in individuals who are 20-30 years old (Wangen, 2006). Incidence tends to reduce with age (Wilson et al., 2004). Furthermore, more women report constipation predominant IBS, while more men report diarrhoea predominant IBS (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Women also tend to report a worsening of symptoms during menstruation, suggesting a hormonal link with IBS (Moore et al., 1998). Despite there being no clear aetiology for IBS, there is a general consensus that it is a multifactorial disorder of a biopsychosocial nature (Allison, 2002). Possible factors involved in its development include an abnormality with how the muscles move food through the digestive tract, pain-sensitive digestive organs, a malfunctioning immune system, a problem between the central nervous system and the digestive system, or an abnormal response to infection. Environmental, dietary, and genetic factors that are as yet known are also suspected to play a role in the aetiology of IBS. Diagnosis A diagnosis of IBS can be made using the Rome III criteria of red flag symptoms (Paterson et al., 1999). According to these criteria, an individual is diagnosed with IBS if they have experienced, for at least 6-months, any of the following symptoms: abdominal pain or discomfort; bloating; or, change in bowel habit. In addition, the individual has to present with abdominal pain or discomfort that is relieved by defecation or associated with changes in bowel frequency or stool formation, and have at least two of the following: altered stool evacuation (i.e. straining, urgency, incomplete evacuation); abdominal bloating (i.e. distension, tension, or hardness); symptoms made worse by eating; mucus from the rectum. Reported lethargy, nausea, backache and bladder symptoms are also indicators that might inform a diagnosis of IBS. Furthermore, there are a number of tests that are carried out to exclude other diagnoses. These include a full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate or plasm a viscosity (screening test), c-reactive protein (found in blood), and, antibody testing for coeliac disease (RCN, 2008). The red flag symptoms that require the individual to be referred to secondary care for further investigation include unintentional and unexplained weight loss, rectal bleeding, and, a family history of bowel or ovarian cancer (NICE, 2008). In people aged 60-years or over, a change in bowel habit lasting more than 6-weeks with looser and/or more frequent stools also acts a red flag. Other indicators for referral include anaemia, abdominal or rectal masses, and inflammatory markers for inflammatory bowel disease (NICE, 2008). Treatment There is no cure for IBS, but it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes and medicine. NICE provide clinical guidelines on the management of IBS in primary care, which were developed through input from the National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (NCC-NSC). These guidelines include the provision of general lifestyle advice, particularly in terms of dietary and physical activity advice (NICE, 2008). The treatment and management of IBS is largely focused on providing individuals with the information required to self-manage their condition through diet, physical activity, and medication for specific symptoms. Dietary advice includes having regular meals, taking time to eat, drinking at least eight cups of water daily, and restricting consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol, fizzy drinks, high-fibre foods, resistant starch (i.e. whole grains, legumes, seeds), and fresh fruit. Individuals with diarrhoea are advised to avoid sorbitol, which is an artificial sweetener found in sugar-free sweets and drinks. Individuals with wind and bloating, on the other hand, are advised to increase intake of oats and linseeds. If diet is assessed as being a key factor in the IBS symptoms, the individual is referred to a dietician for single food avoidance and exclusion diets. In terms of physical activity, individuals who score low in physical activity on the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) are provided with brief advice and counselling aimed at increasing their activity. The importance of physical activity in the management of IBS cannot be underestimated. Indeed, a study conducted in Sweden demonstrated that even a minimal increase in physical activity can improve symptoms of IBS (n=102) (Johannesson et al., 2011). First-line pharmacological treatment is dependent on the primary symptoms reported by the individual. For example, there is support for the provision of antispasmodic agents such as hyoscine or peppermint oil to control symptoms of abdominal pain and spasms (Ford, 2008). Laxatives are an option for constipation, whilst loperamide is the recommended first choice of antimobility agent for diarrhoea (NICE, 2008). Second-line pharmacological treatment includes the consideration of tricyclic antidepressants for mood and analgesic (pain relieving) effect if first-line treatments do not work (Bell, 2004). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered if tricyclic antidepressants do not work. However, due to the potential side-effects of these second-line medications, follow-up after 4-weeks and then every 6-12 months is advised (NICE, 2008). Psychological Implications If individuals with IBS do not respond to second-line pharmacological treatments after 12-months, referral for psychological support such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy, or psychotherapy requires consideration (NICE, 2008). Indeed, although it is not a life-threatening condition, IBS can result in a great deal of psychological distress. One study found that half of the patients attending IBS clinics presented with a diagnosable psychiatric disorder (Silk, 2003). Anxiety and depression have been reported in people with IBS and stress and major life events have been found to often precede the onset of bowel symptoms (Silk, 2003). Strong associations have been found between IBS and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), with this comorbidity adding to social impairments (Lee et al., 2009). There is also a higher prevalence of childhood physical and sexual abuse among individuals diagnosed with IBS, further indicating the potential efficacy of providing psychological s upport (Allison, 2002). The psychological impact of IBS is likely to result from that fact that it can be extremely debilitating and can severely impact quality of life (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Activities of daily living can be detrimentally impacted and individuals with IBS often experience lethargy and fatigue, which can limit physical activity and social life (Jones et al., 2000). Bertram et al. (2001), who conducted focus groups with people diagnosed with IBS, found that the condition resulted in high levels of frustration and social isolation. There was also an inconsistency in how individuals with IBS perceived their illness and how they felt others perceived their illness. In particular, there was frustration with a lack of understanding from family, friends, and colleagues in terms of the severity and unpredictability of the illness. Many participants also felt that health care professionals did not take the illness seriously. There is some evidence, however, to suggest that health profession als attitudes towards IBS are changing. In a study conducted by Nunn (2003), the majority of nurses disagreed with a statement suggesting that patients with IBS were demanding and lazy. Nevertheless, the stigma surrounding IBS can result in individuals with IBS not accessing the support they need. When combined with the general lack of effective treatments for IBS, people often try to treat themselves. It has been estimated that 50% of people with IBS use complementary and alternative medicine (Hussain and Quigley, 2006). The NICE (2008) guidelines on the use of complementary and alternative medicine, however, recommend against encouraging their use, especially acupuncture and reflexology. Economic Implications Evidence suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003; Parker, 2004). IBS has a significant impact on healthcare resources in both primary and secondary care (Ringstrom et al., 2007). It also contributes to both direct and indirect costs. Evidence suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003; Parker, 2004). IBS can lead to increased absenteeism at work and higher rates of health care utilisation, making it a public health problem (Talley, 2008). In a systematic review of the economic cost of IBS in the UK and US, total direct cost estimates per patient per year ranged from $348-8750 ( £211.79-5325.25) (calculated for year 2002) (Maxion-Bergemann, Thielecke, and Bergemann, 2006). The average number of days off work per year because of IBS was between 8.5 and 21.6; indirect costs ranged from $355-3344 ( £216.25-2037.04). Of note, however, is that the total costs and cost components of IBS were influenced by factors such as the demographic of the patient group and study variables, such as design and databases used. Further research is needed on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic procedures and  treatments for IBS in order to help define strategies to help IBS patients improve their quality of life and, in turn, reduce related healthcare and economic costs. Conclusion This essay has outlined the aetiology and epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS is a chronic disorder that cannot be cured, but requires self-management through lifestyle, pharmacological treatments, and psychological support. The direct and indirect costs of the condition are vast due to the relapsing and remitting nature of the symptoms. Due to there being no clear cause for IBS, stigma still exists regarding its seriousness, which can prevent people seeking medical support. In order to reduce the direct and indirect costs of this common, quality of life depleting illness, healthcare professionals need to take it seriously and assist patients in the long-term management of the physically and psychologically limiting symptoms.

All American Tragedy :: essays papers

All American Tragedy Without a doubt, most Americans can distinctly draw a picture in their minds of John Wilkes Booth†¦ The Civil War had ended five days previously with the surrender of General Lee. President Lincoln and the first lady had decided to take a night off and see a stage play at the Ford’s Theatre. An obviously enraged young actor preceded into the stage box a kills Lincoln, and then exits the theatre by jumping on to the stage and escaping through the back where a horse had been waiting. Booth tried to escape for good, but within two weeks he was killed in a violent ordeal near Bowling Green, VA. From the moment the shot rang out in that theatre, the American people knew who Booth was. An interesting note was that if Lincoln had seen the men who avenged the South, he would have recognized Booth immediately. This would have not came as a surprise to many, since John Wilkes was one of the most recognizable men in the country, according to the National Preservation Society, or NPS. Lincoln was an avid theatregoer, and on Nov. 9, 1863, after Booth had preformed The Marble Heart, the President asked around back stage if he could meet with the star. Booth, being the outspoken supporter of the South that he was, declined the offer. This was the first major clue of Booth’s strong dislike of Lincoln. Booth was surely not in need of attention. â€Å"Thought the Civil War, the Northern newspapers fell over each other as they showered the young actor with praise.† (NPS 2) Chris Mynk 71567 How then is it possible to reconcile the two conflicting impressions of John Wilkes Booth? The best answer would probably be that one must understand the environments in which produced him- the world of theater and the struggle between the North and the South. Booth was raised in a theatrical family, where Shakespearean works were recited as often as the bible. â€Å"As the struggle between the States wore on, the battlefields at Gettysburg and Antietam must not have seemed very different than the battlefield of Richard III.† (Williams 578) In his career, Booth died a dramatic death hundreds of times. Many scholars have voiced the opinion that the assassination was, perhaps, Booth’s greatest "performance". In 1899, Joel Chandler Harris, a contemporary of Booth's who would become famous for his Uncle Remus folk tales, wrote that Booth "had all the elements of genius but seemed powerless to focus them.

heroarms The Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Farewell Arms

The Hemingway Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentieth century who centers his novels around personal experiences and affections. He is one of the authors named "The Lost Generation." He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the "code hero". Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment. Traits of a typical Hemingway Code Hero are a love of good times, stimulating surroundings, and strict moral rules, including honesty. The Code Hero always exhibits some form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw and the weakness of his character. In this novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Hemingway brings about the evolution of Frederick Henry into a code hero in realistic ways. Frederick Henry achieved code hero characteristics by the end of the novel with the help of Catherine. All the characteristics seem to follow the path of a manly person who is continuously striving to live his/her life to the fullest. Throughout this novel, Frederick Henry’s behavior matures into the code hero who Hemingway desires to be through Henry’s discovery of love, bravery and death. In the start of the novel, Frederick Henry was into over-sensual pleasures and could not control himself until he had spent much time with Catherine and learned how to discipline himself. Henry "had drunk much wine" and roamed from whorehouse to whorehouse near the beginning of the novel. He had no control over himself nor could hold his liquor or contain himself from e... ...ny on the way back to his home but he declines. He goes off to his house by himself and sorts things out with what death actually is. He asked God to save his greatest love after taking his child and does not receive an answer. He concludes that death is the end and when it gets you, there is no where to go. Henry never becomes a code hero until the end when he accepts death as the end of existence. Hemingway’s code hero, Frederick Henry, evolves into a man whom the reader could identify with and understand. Henry unknowingly becomes a code hero and a better person with the help of Catherine. Henry becomes a code hero in the end due to the help of many incidents. On the last few pages, the reader realizes he has become a code hero because he responded to the serious situation on his hands calmly and orderly as Catherine did.

High Stakes Testing Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Education Essays

High Stakes Testing In 1997, President Bill Clinton stated that the United States needed, â€Å" a national crusade for education standards - not federal government standards, but national standards, representing what all our students must know to succeed in the knowledge economy of the twenty-first century†(http://books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/13.html). The way to succeed in this journey is through standardized testing that results in consequences for teachers and students. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing how important high stakes testing is to our country. First, I will show how these tests prevent students from moving on to the next grade level or graduate without the skills necessary. Secondly, I will discuss how they improve students’ achievement. And lastly, I will describe how these tests keep teachers and schools accountable. High stakes testing prevents students from being promoted or given a diploma without the necessary knowledge. The National Academies Press states, â€Å"unless we test student’s knowledge, how will we know if they have met the standards? And the idea of accountability, which is also central to this theory of school reform, requires that the test results have direct and immediate consequences: a student who does not meet the standard should not be promoted, or awarded a high school diploma†(books.nap.edu). Social promotion is allowing a student to move up a grade just because of their age. Standardized testing is helping students by keeping them back a grade or having them attend summer school in order for them to learn the skills they need in order to succeed in school and life. Recent facts have shown how often children have been promoted without the necessary knowledge. ... ... National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/164.html 3. National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/13.html 4. National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/115.html 5. Aims Performance Standards (High School). Arizona Department of Education. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ade.state.az.us/standards/aims/PerformanceStandards/hsperformancestan.asp 6. What’s Wrong With High Stakes Testing in General and AIMS in Particular? AZ Standards. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.azstandards.org/protestmaterials.htm High Stakes Testing Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Education Essays High Stakes Testing In 1997, President Bill Clinton stated that the United States needed, â€Å" a national crusade for education standards - not federal government standards, but national standards, representing what all our students must know to succeed in the knowledge economy of the twenty-first century†(http://books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/13.html). The way to succeed in this journey is through standardized testing that results in consequences for teachers and students. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing how important high stakes testing is to our country. First, I will show how these tests prevent students from moving on to the next grade level or graduate without the skills necessary. Secondly, I will discuss how they improve students’ achievement. And lastly, I will describe how these tests keep teachers and schools accountable. High stakes testing prevents students from being promoted or given a diploma without the necessary knowledge. The National Academies Press states, â€Å"unless we test student’s knowledge, how will we know if they have met the standards? And the idea of accountability, which is also central to this theory of school reform, requires that the test results have direct and immediate consequences: a student who does not meet the standard should not be promoted, or awarded a high school diploma†(books.nap.edu). Social promotion is allowing a student to move up a grade just because of their age. Standardized testing is helping students by keeping them back a grade or having them attend summer school in order for them to learn the skills they need in order to succeed in school and life. Recent facts have shown how often children have been promoted without the necessary knowledge. ... ... National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/164.html 3. National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/13.html 4. National Academies Press. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http:// books.nap.edu/books/0309062802/html/115.html 5. Aims Performance Standards (High School). Arizona Department of Education. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ade.state.az.us/standards/aims/PerformanceStandards/hsperformancestan.asp 6. What’s Wrong With High Stakes Testing in General and AIMS in Particular? AZ Standards. Retrieved November 10, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.azstandards.org/protestmaterials.htm

Leveraging Workplace Diversity

Diversity is a term that is used to refer to ways in which people are different. These include the gender, age, language, educational level, life experience cultural background sexual orientation ethnicity religious belief work experience socio-economic background marital status family responsibilities personality and marital status. Whether married, single or pregnant women should be given the same opportunities in their workplace and should not be sexually harmonized by their bosses. Against sex discrimination Act 1984 Workplace diversity refers to the ways of recognizing and respecting the individual differences of the workers and being able to manage them as they work. In the places work there is need for diversity in terms of gender, type of work to be done, age tribe/race and even the level for education of the individuals. For instant when we look at gender a good workplace should be gender sensitive in that both men and women should have the same opportunities of working depending on their level of education. Both male and female should have equal chances of taking the top positions in their place of work and should be given respect by the other work mates equally. Women should not be discriminated as it happens in most cases and denied the best opportunities that arise. A good work place should have balance in terms of tribe or race. This is important as it clears good relations in the society as each tribe or race is represented. Therefore different mates form different background come and put their minds together as a team to bring out the best in the work place. A workplace that discriminates it’s workers on the grounds of race, color or Nationality or Ethnic origin will not succeed as this is unlawful and goes against the Racial Discrimination Act 1975(Huyles,1996,pg 56). The Human rights should be taken into consideration in the workplace. All persons both the physically challenged and mentally disabled should be given the same working opportunities without discrimination. They are human beings who have the same rights as other human beings. Their complaints should be addressed greatly and they should accommodate by every individual as they do their work. Any discrimination against these people is unlawful as it violates the Human Rights and Equal opportunity commission Act 1984 (Cox, 1995, pg 43). To maintain diversity in the workplace, all employers and employees have a right to a secure healthy working environment. This will help them to be alert and work comfortably so that they can bring out the fruitful work that will benefit them and the society at large. Therefore, an employer has a role of taking precautions to prevent discrimination and harassment to his employees. This is necessary since failure to that; one violates the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991(Bruhn, 1996, pg 35). The disabled should not be discriminated in their place of work since it’s not their choice to be in their state. They are human beings with all the human rights. Therefore, they should be treated like any other individual or employee. The sick should be given proper medical attention to improve their state so that they can also work together like others. If an employer goes against this, he violates the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 and should face the law (Hofsted, 1997, pg 265). Diversity also requires that all the employees be informed and access the awards and agreements that are part of their work. For instant, they should be aware of the terms and conditions that are important as it relates to the workplace relations act 1996. The employer should not discriminate the employee from this information. A diverse workplace should ensure that there is corporation and maximum use of the diverse skills, employee’s values and their work experiences so that they may come with good fruits in their work. It should also ensure that the structures in the workplace, the systems that they use and the procedures that they apply are well utilized to help the employees in balancing their work, manage their families by caring for them in responsible manner. When making decisions, a diverse workplace should also take in account their goals and the skills that are required so that they can meet these goals and objectives. They should ensure that transparency is available and the decisions should be procedurally fair at the same time be equitable (Schauber, 1999, pg 460). To maintain diversity in the workplace, Disney company sets the overall company performance goals for the year. These goals are usually diverse and require a diverse staff so that they can meet them. The company sets individual performance measures for the year without any discrimination. Therefore, each employee has a target to meet his goals in a diverse manner. The company also sets target bonus for each individual that motivates them to work hard so that they can achieve their goals and earn these bonuses at the end of the year. They also measure the actual performance against the predefined company performance goals to reach to the necessary adjustments that are to be done so that they would do better in future (Ting 1999, pg12). For one to have an effective change model there should be a commitment to serve the others. Therefore, both the employee and the employer should be committed to serving the society as a whole. They should be ready to serve all the races without discrimination and give them equal opportunities in accessing the benefits that are available. There should also be need for Awareness of the importance of new ways of approaching issues. The employees and the employer should be informed of the so that they would come up with different ways of thinking so that it will be easier to hire and retain diversity in the working staff and develop an educational seminar to the diverse society to encourage the issue of diversity (Huyle, 1996,pg 98). There should be Awareness of the importance to build and maintain trust among the employees and the employer and the society as a whole. This is important as it develops the mutual understanding in the people and even the entire society. The issue of openness should be understood and all the members are interested and willing to be involved in this model of diversifying the workplace and the activities involved (Kotter, 1995, pg59-67). Creativity should be encouraged as this will ensure or encourage people to think and come up with the best as they work. The employees should be informed of the importance of diversity as it adds richness to them and the society in general and be informed of the need for a diverse staff so that whenever there are changes, they are able to accommodate the new employees (Coop, 1997, pg 56). REFERENCES Bruhn, J.G. (1996). Creating an organization climate for multiculturalism. Health care supervisor, 14(14), 11-18. Hofsted, G. (1997).Culture and organizations: software of the mind. New York: McGrass-Hill. Schauber, A. (1999).Assessing organizational climate: first step in diversifying organizations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Cincinnati: union Institute. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999).Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford. Huyle, R. &Mendez Russell, A. (1996). The diversity directive: why some initiatives fail and what to do about it. Irwin professional publishing. Cope, Bill & Kalantzis, Mary (1997). Productive diversity, anew Australian and a model for work management. Plato press. Cox Jr., Taylor (2001). The challenge of managing diversity. San Francisco: john Wiley& sons, Inc. Kotter, J.P. (1995). Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 59-67 Â   Â   Â  

Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay

For years, literary works have discussed the difference of nature vs. nurture, William Faulkner’s Barn Burning being one of them. Nurture in the debate refers to the way a person is brought up through his or her life. The argument is that the nurturing of the child in its early years is what ultimately defines how that person will act. On the other hand, another way of thinking is that nature defines who a person is. That it is not how a person is raised or what they grew up around, but who that person is inside. The fundamental difference is that said person is born the way they are going to grow up to be and is not shaped by his or her parents and how they act. In Faulkner’s Barn Burning, Sartoris Snopes is nurtured by his ill-willed father but ultimately takes the high road and chooses to be his own person rather than follow the road of his father. Sartoris’ life had previously been defined by instability and always covering for his father, until they came along the de Spain house. From the beginning of the story, Sartoris wanted to tell the truth at the court room but got slapped by his father for even the thought. â€Å"You’re getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood to stick to you. Do you think either of them, any man there this morning would?† Mr. Snopes was just trying to make sure that his son would always protect his twisted ways in any future court room. He did not care about teaching his son a life lesson about loyalty or that blood was thicker than water, which was not what the talk that night in the woods was about. It was just simply Mr. Snopes warped way of assuring he would not get in trouble for future acts of harm. And sure enough, there were more acts. Even though Mr. Snopes slapped Sartoris and told him to stay true to his family, the de Spain house sparked a change in Sartoris and marked the end of following his father’s footsteps. His father’s way of raising him was almost a reign of terror. No one ever knew what to expect from him. He was not a good man in any sense of the word. He stole horses in the war from the Confederacy for his own benefit, having no loyalties to either side. The only loyalty he has ever had has been to himself. His wounded leg, as a result of the war, symbolizes the weight he carries around by living his perverse way of life. That is, feeding off of the harm he has caused to others; he has always felt that most people have short-handed him. The incident in the story in which Mr. Snopes ruined the one hundred dollar rug focused on how the leg was the major part of his body that took part in the smearing of the dung. It also was the main factor that let the de Spain’s know he had retur ned the ruined rug. Once they realized that he had permanently altered the rug, it was back to court for the Snopes family. Again, Sartoris witnessed his father being untruthful in the court of law and again his innate nature was to tell the truth. Yet always in the background is the gnawing feeling of what his father would do to him if he was disloyal. So when does he go against what he was raised to do and become his own person? Sartoris’ entire life had been to follow behind his father without question if it was right or wrong. As a small child he might not have wondered whether Snopes’ actions were morally acceptable or not, but as he grew older and developed his own conscious, he soon realized that he was a different person with a different way of thinking than his father. For his father, barn burning was his way of releasing anger and getting back at the people who have done wrong in his mind. Even though the nigger at the de Spain house did not do anything perso nal to him, Snope thought that because he told him he could not be on the rug, that he should destroy it so no one else could be on it either (symbolically.) When his son made the brave decision to tell the de Spain’s about his father’s plan, it was the turning point in his life. He finally diverted from his life-long path behind his father and started to plot a new course for himself. A life that would be defined by justice and virtue. Faulkner’s Barn Burning deals with nature vs. nurture in a coming of age story by which Sartoris untimely chooses nature and to chart his own way in life. After his father’s death, Sartoris Snope is described as walking into the darkness of the woods ahead without looking back and hearing the song of birds in the distance. He is forever cut off from his family and must survive alone. The only thing he has left is his integrity and strong sense of justice, but hopefully for him that is all he needs.

Political economy Essay

Most people don’t think about their country’s economy unless it happens to be the nature of their business or unless it somehow directly or indirectly has an impact on the manner of living to which they’ve become accustomed. Economy is the financial circumstance of a country based on its level of prosperity which is determined by the success or failure of it business practices and dealings and proved by the lifestyle of its citizens. The economy is only as good as its management while management is only as good as its political economy. The political economy is a combination of economic and political factors that determine the methods of management or governing. Just what method of governing is best for a country’s economy remains a topic of debate. According to David Coates, â€Å"†¦capitalism as an economic form can be distinguished by the qualitatively distinct mixes of technologies, forms of business organization, characters of labor forces and state functions that come to predominate within it. (Coates) There are three methods of governing capitalism: market-led capitalisms, state-led capitalisms, and negotiated or consensual social capitalisms. The United States is an example of market-led capitalism. In this form, decisions are left to the discretion of private companies. While lucrative to the higher-ups within the company, employees are often only minimally compensated in the wages they earn and in industrial and social privileges. In this form of capitalism, the states involvement is constrain ed and extends only to creating and protecting the market. Ideals related to morality and business ethics are unique to individual companies and tend to be permissive. In state-led capitalism, decision making is left up to the private companies, but only after they’ve met with the approval of administrative leadership within the banking system. Japan is a shining successful example of state-led capitalism. In consensual social capitalism state regulations are minimal, but the political system supports the rights and welfare of the labor and allows them to cast their votes in decision making. Sweden and Germany are strong examples of consensual social capitalism. (Coates) Scholar, Milton Friedman contends that democracy and the rule of law are key factors that together, are instrumental in growing a strong economy. While research ratifies the benefits of property rights and the rule of law, it conveys ambivalent reactions towards the benefits of democracy. Stable property rights and an effective legal system are positive reinforcements, but even when property rights are unstable it doesn’t necessarily affect the economy adversely. Situations such as this tend to increase business activity. When the government spends money to help maintain and protect the rights of businesses, it can actually strengthen the economy. When regulations are tightened to the point that they hinder businesses and increase tax rates, it’s then that the economy is negatively affected. In a democracy, redistributions of income by means of land reforms and social welfare are implemented in order to alleviate social discord. When the governments response is exorbitant, this too will have and adverse affect on the economy. Democracy does have its flaws, but it has greater potential and is more favorable than that of an autocracy. (Robert J. Barro) In the context of rapid marketing and global integration, the consensus was that capitalism adversely affected the labor wages in countries with low labor costs. Brazil, however, has a renewed eagerness for capitalism. According to Arminio Fraga, with Gavea Investimentos, â€Å"Taken together, these things have created a new enthusiasm for capitalism, a feeling that the stockmarket is not a casino and that being part of the world economy is a good thing. (Sen) Their currency is strong and the economy is getting stronger. Companies have a more positive outlook in regards to international integration. The citizens of Brazil are also reaping the benefits. Although Brazil remains closed for the most part, they are reaping the benefits of their limited involvement in the international market. Despite the fact that Brazil is closed, it’s not unaffected by e conomic situations in the United States. A short time after the stock market crashed in 1929, Brazil’s democracy ended and a dictatorship rose up out of the dust. Brazil’s economy was hit again in the 1950’s when coffee prices soared in the U. S and again in the 1970’s when oil prices rose. It’s also been adversely affected by economic crises in other countries. Author, Sen sums it up this way, â€Å"Its politics are frustrating: corruption is rife in public life, violence widespread, illiteracy normal, poverty stubborn. And yet compared with the Brazil of old, this has the feel of a golden age. † (Sen) Trade liberalization has been a slow and steady process in Brazil. Attempts at policy reforms have met with road-blocks and often the progress that was made was lost. Despite setbacks, Brazil has made more progress in building an industrial base than other Latin American countries. They fought back against the debt crisis by pushing its exports. This move proved to be smart and effective in that it stopped the grouping of economic conglomerates. Other countries didn’t fair as well but, between 1982 and 1992, Brazil showed a trade balance of over $11 billion. (Schamis) The economy is gauged in various ways. Peter Gourevitch says, â€Å"Economic performance derives from political choices, social organization, culture, circumstances, history. † (Gourevitch) Investors measure the performance of the economy with specific indicators including the gross domestic product, job growth, consumer confidence, weekly retail sales, monthly retail sales, earnings growth rates, and the Institute for Supply Managements index. Some of these indicators, however, are determined by the spending habits of the citizens. Spending habits can also be a reflection of consumer confidence. When sales are up and the public is investing their money, it’s a fairly reliable indication that the economy is in good shape, at least from the people’s perspective. Unknown) The quality of life of the citizens should definitely be considered when gauging the performance of economy. Brazil’s economy is fairing far better now than it did for twenty years. Since 2004, the economy has shot up at a rate of 4. 5%. The economy is stable and growing. Paulo says, â€Å"In fact, for those excited by economic meltdowns and political turmoil, the place has become r ather dull. † (Sen) As recent as 2007, the stockmarket experienced growth by 44%. Overall, growth increased to 5. 4%. In comparison to Russia, India and China, one might think that Brazil’s economy is dormant and insignificant, but nothing could be further from the truth. Although out-ranked in size, Brazil’s economy is growing and strong. Once hounded by the persistent problems of inflation, debt and democracy, the country has successfully overcome them and now their economy is in good standing. Due to considerable reforms, Brazil’s corporate and financial future looks bright as well. Growth is fixed and holding. Inflation is no longer out of control and has stabilized. Foreign exchange has gradually increased and so has foreign investment. International reserves have also stepped up. Domestically speaking, retail sales have increased to 9. 7 percent and auto production has reached 13. 9 percent. The unemployment situation is improving and new jobs are being created. There has even been a rise in social mobility. Now, 49 percent of the population is in the ranks of the middle class compared to 32 percent 2002. Success has been a long time coming for Brazil. According to Mauro Leos, Vice President of the Sovereign Risk Unit, these achievements were reached by means of good luck and hard work.

Culture and Sexual Behaviors

Indeed, an obvious common trait of every being, insects, animals, and peoples, comes from their need for reproduction. On the lesser beings, the need for reproduction is based on the security of their species and on increasing their population for food and territorial accumulation.People on the other hand, aside for survivability, see reproduction as an opportunity for fulfilling sexual desires. However, sexual activity is enforced not only by instinct but by other factors such as intimacy and social engagement. Also, sexual behavior is where human families are formed and defined[1].Culture has contributed on the differences of sexual behaviors of humanity. Because of the diversity of native or local beliefs, traditions, practices, and arts among people of different nationality, sexual behaviors differ across nations.Also, religious affiliation and moral convictions affect these differences. In this essay we will discuss culture and religion and their development by region and give s pecific examples by country. Also, the essay will seek to describe and define sexual behaviors with regards to psychological studies.Sexual behavior is a term which describes human activities concerning their interaction with an homosexual or hetersexual partner. Sexual activities primarily start on attraction by an individual and the efforts done in order to attract the other person. It is followed by interactions and conversations which later reveal their compatibility and satisfy their preferences.Social contact or the actual love-making then occurs. The process may happen in a short period of time in liberal societies, usually in places where people are open minded on the concept of â€Å"one night stands.† In conservative areas, however, sexual behavior may follow strictly the tradition of courting which may take a very long time.One major sexual behavior issue concerns sexual transmitted diseases (STD's). Transmitted through sexual activities, these diseases requires th e attention of health workers and the awareness of the public. Also, another issue is pre-marital sex or literally engaging in sexual activities outside of marriage.This sexual activity is criticized mainly by religious sectors who value the sanctity of marriage and reproduction, most vocal is the catholic church. Other important issues are rape, child pornography, and unwanted pregnancy.Culture is considered to be the mental programming of societies which differentiates them from another [2]. Cultures primarily have three elements: systems of meaning, ways of social organization, and unique group features and product[3].It implies a society's set of norms, behaviors, practices, beliefs, and moral considerations. On these, it is proper to say that culture defines how and what people conceive and act. These factors are however changed by people due to their exposure to other cultures.The differences between cultures are caused mainly by the area's native and historical formation. How ever, cultures are influenced mainly by religious dominance or teachings accepted in the area. Large portions of a sociey's norms and values come from religious teachings. Religion affects one's convictions and moral considerations, which also defines individual actual preferences.The western culture is considered to be the most dominant due to its rich and early development and the capacity of its people to employ their cultural activities in many places through efficient means. Also, it is enforced by great western thinkers and intellectuals who have contributed in the formation of human activities and knowledge. Included are Aristotle, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx, and Martin Luther.Western culture originated in ancient Greece, the founder of freedom and democracy. There the formation of free human thought and will came to the conception of many through the great teachers like Socrates and Plato.It grew larger together with the expansion of the Roman Empire in Europe leaving large amount of influence to its new found territories. Its development goes with the stages of intellectual formation in the west, including the renaissance, scientific revolution, the period of enlightenment, the American revolution, the industrial revolution, and today's modern and advanced society[4].Individualism and the pursuit of knowledge and practical results characterize western culture[5]. These then explains the active, open-minded, and experimenting characteristics of westerners.The Asian culture is the collective term for the system of thought and action for the continent of Asia. The area however is subdivided into different relative nations or regions based on their geographical and historical relationships. Included in this regions are the central, east, south(Indian subcontinent), north, southwest, and southeast asia.These subregions usually share a common history and heritage, with beliefs extended by religious dominance. Also, many parts of Asia h ave been colonized by western countries thus having characteristics of western culture.Compared to western beliefs, Asians give large amount of importance to hierarchy, politeness, and conservatism. Traditions are followed strictly in many places not yet influenced by the west. Also, the non-material pursuit dominates Asian beliefs due to the extensive influence of Buddhism.[1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom W. Smith. American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior [Digital Library] Available from http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/t-25.htm[2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Silvia Ubillos, Darà ­o Paez and Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez. â€Å"Culture and sexual behavior† Psicothema 2000. Vol. 12, Supl., pp. 70-82 [ Digital Book] [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peg Collins, Dr. Richard Law, and Eric Miraglia. â€Å"What is Culture† [website] accessed from http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html[4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Culture Global. â€Å"What is Western C ulture.† [Internet Article] Accessed from http://www.westerncultureglobal.org/what-is-western-culture.html#1a[5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr James Ng. Characteristics of Chinese culture and aspects of health care [internet article] accessed from http://www.stevenyoung.co.nz/The-Chinese-in-New-Zealand/History-of-Chinese-in-NewZealand/Characteristics-of-Chinese-culture-and-aspects-of-health-care.html

Group and organizational behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group and organizational behavior - Assignment Example are explicitly indicated as â€Å"simultaneously improving individual internally focused satisfaction and reducing work-unit absenteeism is the most promising approach to reducing individual absenteeism† (Diestel, Wegge, & Schmidt, 2014, p. 353). 5. The implications of these conclusions are: management should design factors in the job setting that would assist in reducing absenteeism; as an integration of both internally focused satisfaction (job conditions) and externally focused satisfaction factors (work unit). Future research could focus on increasing sample sizes or extending applications to other organizations from different cultural settings to validate consistency of the results. 4. The main conclusions of this article are: â€Å"perceived deep-level dissimilarity evokes perceived relationship conflict, which produces lower evaluations of subordinate performance, which, in turn, lead to higher levels of abusive supervision† (Tepper, Moss, & Duffy, 2011, p. 288). 5. The implications of these conclusions are the noted need to conduct further research on the subject in other organizational settings, particularly in health care organizations, to validate consistency of results. In addition, perceived levels of dissimilarity could not be structured as constant due to the personality differences of both, supervisors and subordinates, in different work settings. As such, future studies should rule out limitations, noted therein. Diestel, S., Wegge, J., & Schmidt, K. (2014). The Impact of Social Context on the Relationship Between Individual Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism: The Roles of Different Foci of Job Satisfaction and Work-Unit Absenteeism. Academy of Management Journal, 353-382. Tepper, B., Moss, S., & Duffy, M. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision: Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal,

Tort Liabilities Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Tort Liabilities - Case Study Example Negligence is an example of unintentional torts. Most contemporary tort theory focuses on the legal consequences of accidents, where the relevant forms of liability are negligence and strict liability. (Theories of Tort, 2003). Wikipedia (last modified 2006) defines tort as, "In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong other than a breach of contract, for which the law provides a remedy. The origins of the modern law of torts lie in the old remedies of trespass and trespass on the case. The term itself comes from Law French and means, literally, "a wrong". In the French language, the phrase avoir tort translates to "to be wrong". The equivalent body of law in civil law legal systems is delict. A tort is a breach of a non-contractual duty potentially owed to the entire world, imposed by law. The majority of legal claims are brought in tort." An individual's concern for his/her security of physical (bodily) status, the security of his/her financial assets and resources, tangible property, or reputation is protected by the laws of tort. If one of these interests are compromised or interfered with, compensation must be made. The restoration of the victim, or the individual who has been harmed, to his/her status before the action of the tort is the goal of the law of torts. Wex (2005) states that, "In most countries, torts are typically divided into three broad categories: intentional torts, negligence and nuisance. Additional categories or subcategories are recognized in some countries. Some torts are strict liability torts, in that the plaintiff may recover by showing only that the wrong took place, and that the defendant committed the wrong - there is no need to show the defendant's state of mind or that the defendant breached a duty of due care." The main idea of tort law is not that an individually behaved badly, or wrongfully, but that a wrong was actually committed. Under tort laws, victims can spread some of the costs to others in the form of insurance. Therefore, insurance and tort laws are, in a sense, interrelated. In this day and age, lawsuits and judgements are highly possiblea and most individuals realize that they can find themselves involved in one, whether as a victim or as the accused, or guilty, party. Coleman explains the difference between fault and strict liability in tort law: Just as harm without wrong is no tort, wrongs without harms are typically not torts either. Suppose for a moment that every motorist has a duty to exercise reasonable care in driving his or her car, and that the intended beneficiaries of the duty include all the pedestrians and other drivers who Tort Liabilities 4 might be put at risk by one's failure to drive with adequate care. Now imagine two people who drive recklessly and in so doing breach the duty we suppose they have, but that one motorist causes damage whereas the other escapes injuring anyone. By hypothesis, both have breached a duty to those whose security is put at risk, and in doing so both have committed wrongs. Only one driver harms someone as a result of the wrongs he commits and thus only he subjects himself to tort liability. So torts require both wrong and, in most cases, harm. A notable exception to the harm requirement is the case in which

Credit analysis of potential customers of IBM Global Financing - Dissertation

Credit analysis of potential customers of IBM Global Financing - Current status appraisal and recommendations for future improvement - Dissertation Example Additionally, it has also hastened the credit approval process to a very short span which is inadequate to accurately arrive at a picture of the credit situation of the Company. This report examines the risks posed in the issue of credit and in financing arrangements, and also examines different kinds of credit models, applying them in the context of IBM Global, to examine its credit appraisal process and suggest recommendations to improve the efficacy of the credit rating process. CHAPTER ONE Aim and Objective of this Study: The recent financial crisis that has affected most of the world economies highlighted the grave problems that can arise when credit and financing arrangements are entered into indiscriminately, without a rigorous credit analysis system in place. IBM Global Financing is one arm of IBM that aids and assists credit worthy clients to develop a comprehensive investment strategy by offering them financing options for purchase of new IT equipment, or lease of equipment and other applications. This study proposes to examine the importance of assessing the risk of credit default risk and entering into a discussion of credit risk models, so that they can be applied in the context of the credit analysis process that is in use at IBM Global Financing. ... he IT systems that are already in existence at various organizations all around the world are legacy systems that are no longer optimum and effective in terms of functionality in a fast paced global environment. IBM Global Financing helps several corporations and businesses to acquire IT solutions that can help to meet the needs of the businesses in the most efficient and cost effective manner possible. It offers different kinds of financing options to address the unique needs of a particular organization and to help the said organizations to also manage their assets and cash flow as they carry on the process of improving and enhancing their IT systems. The Company does not merely offer It equipment at attractive financing rates, it also offers strategic financing for corporations to be able to survive in the current harsh economic climate that has plagued almost every region of the globe. The Company provides invaluable assistance to corporations in IT leveraging, commencing right f rom the beginning of the process when the decision is made to implement improved IT solutions. The corporations in questions are offered options to maximize their purchasing power, offered financial incentives and concessions as they implement and use the said systems and also in the disposal of IT systems when they are no longer effective or when they are upgraded by better systems. The clients of IBM Global Financing are aided in the process of making the right decisions. IBM Global Financing therefore offers short and long term loans, both for end customers as well as partnering options, offering financing on the basis of instalment payment plans, leasing options or through the use of factoring models, all of which are geared towards providing customers with a cost effective option to